Week Three Young And Middle Adulthood Case Studies Essay Example for Free

Week Three Young And Middle Adulthood Case Studies Essay Life is changing each moment off each day. Life is changing at this moment, at this very moment. In any case. What's more, a few things in life are wild. Today, we will meet a single parent of three kids who is managing way of life changes that have driven her to carrying on with a more advantageous life, trusting in her loved ones, and getting a charge out of the advantages of practicing routinely. Over the span of an individual’s life they may encounter various individual connections. While a few connections might be better, or more advantageous, than others, they all leave an effect on the individual’s life. Also, this is the place we will meet Tina. Tina is a forty multi year old single parent with three developed youngsters, who are generally as yet living at home. Tina is in a serious relationship with the affection for her life, Michael. Michael and Tina have been together throughout the previous five years and Michael might want to wed Tina. Be that as it may, quite a long time ago before Tina met Michael she was hitched. Tina and her now ex got separated in light of the fact that he engaged in extramarital relations with a more youthful lady and later chose to leave Tina for his escort. While Tina was hitched to her ex she stayed devoted and never battled with the manner in which her body looks or her own appearance. In any case, since the separation Tina has battled with her confidence and has gone to the rec center for help. Tina goes to the rec center routinely, goes for runs, and keeps up a solid eating regimen. Yet, for Tina that isn't sufficient. She has seen a decrease in her capacities at the exercise center so she has expanded the measure of time she spends at the rec center to four hours every day. Tina is encountering a job change in her life. The sentiments of treachery and dismissal from the man she figured she would spend an incredible remainder with have left her with a low confidence and finishing off the individuals who really love and care for her. A family is the best emotionally supportive network an individual can have when they are experiencing a troublesome time in their lives. Also, fortunate for Tina, that is the thing that she has. While Tina has been battling with her physical appearance her family has been strong of her way of life changes. In spite of the fact that Tina’s sweetheart, Michael, is getting amazingly bothered by her fixation on the rec center, he despite everything permits her to invest most of her energy there and is appreciative for the time he gets the opportunity to go through with her. Tina and Michael appreciate the time they get the opportunity to spend together and Michael might want to wed Tina. In any case, Michael stresses that Tina won't have the option to sincerely focus on a marriage and keep up a solid, sound marriage with him. Michael is deferential of Tina and her desires. Tina might want to stay abstinent until she remarries and Michael doesn't constrain her to have sex with him. Tina likewise has her very own stresses over her relationship with Michael. She stresses that his thought processes are not where they ought to be. Be that as it may, paying little heed to her concerns she is still infatuated with Michael. Tina can trust in her closest companion, Ida, about the issues throughout her life. Tina frequently converses with her companion Ida about the issues that happened in her past marriage and her emotions in regards to her ex leaving her for a more youthful lady. Tina additionally has the help of her three developed grown-up kids who live at home with her. It is significant for individuals to have a solid emotionally supportive network when they are experiencing a difficult time. A solid way of life is one of the most significant decisions an individual can make in their life. What's more, since the time her separation with her ex, Tina has given herself to carrying on with a solid way of life. Tina has made way of life changes that incorporate keeping up a solid eating regimen, visiting the rec center routinely, and going for runs. She visits the rec center each day for four hours per day. As indicated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, any grown-up running from the age of eighteen to sixty four should practice for at least one hundred and fifty minutes per week, or two hours and thirty minutes every day. As per the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, you have to complete two sorts of physical movement every week to improve your healthâ€aerobic and muscle-reinforcing. Tina’s commitment to practice willâ decrease her odds of cardiovascular illness, lessen her hazard for specific tumors, fortify her bones and muscles, increment her future, control her weight, and help her to rest easy thinking about herself. Everybody faces change in their lives. It is the way we approach those progressions that characterize who we are as people. At the point when confronted with a difficult time, it is dependent upon you to have the solidarity to defeat whatever it is that is cutting you down. In Tina’s case, she was affronted by her ex and left for a more youthful lady. To defeat her battles with her confidence Tina went to a solid eating routine and exercise. She additionally depended on the adoration and backing from her loved ones. References: Community for Disease Control and Prevention. The amount Physical Activity do Adults Need? Recovered from: http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/fundamentals/grown-ups/index.htm Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Health.Gov. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Recovered from: http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/rules/summary.aspx

Free Essays on Censorship On The Internet

Restriction on the Internet Five years after the primary internet was propelled toward the finish of 1991, The Internet has gotten well known in the United States. Despite the fact that President Clinton previously marked the 1996 Telecommunication ActI on Thursday Feb 8, 1996, the restriction issue on the net despite everything stays uncertain. Truth be told, oversight in the internet is unconscionable and unthinkable. Attempting to blue pencil the Internet its dangerous in light of the fact that the net is a worldwide issue, there is no standard for making a decision about materials, and oversight is an edited version of vote based soul. Right off the bat, restriction on the Internet is a universal issue. The Internet was developed by the U.S. military since 1960s, yet nobody really possesses it. In this manner, the Internet is a worldwide system, and it traverses various societies. It is difficult to blue pencil everything that is by all accounts hostile. For instance, Vietnam has reported new guidelines tha t preclude information that can influence national security, social request, and wellbeing or data that isn't suitable to the way of life, profound quality, and customary traditions of the Vietnamese individuals. on June 4, 1996. It is additionally difficult to boycott everything that are denied in a nation. For moment, a few nations, for example, Germany, have thought about taking measures against the U.S. what's more, different organizations or people that have made or circulated hostile material on the Internet. In the event that the United States government truly needed to edit the net, there is just a single arrangement - shut down all system connections of different nations. Obviously that would mean no Internet access for the entire nation and that is disturb by the entire country. Furthermore, everybody has their own judgment esteems. The choice of certain individuals can't speak to the entire populace of those utilizing the net. Numerous individuals banter that erotic enter tainment on the net ought to be blue-penciled on the grounds that there are kids on the web. In any case, we can see there are numerous children of obscene magazin... Free Essays on Censorship On The Internet Free Essays on Censorship On The Internet Control on the Internet Five years after the principal internet was propelled toward the finish of 1991, The Internet has gotten mainstream in the United States. In spite of the fact that President Clinton previously marked the 1996 Telecommunication ActI on Thursday Feb 8, 1996, the control issue on the net despite everything stays uncertain. Truth be told, restriction in the internet is unconscionable and unimaginable. Attempting to blue pencil the Internet its tricky on the grounds that the net is a worldwide issue, there is no standard for making a decision about materials, and restriction is a compressed version of vote based soul. Right off the bat, oversight on the Internet is a global issue. The Internet was developed by the U.S. military since 1960s, yet nobody really possesses it. Along these lines, the Internet is a worldwide system, and it traverses various societies. It is difficult to control everything that is by all accounts hostile. For instance, Vietnam has reported new guidelines that res trict information that can influence national security, social request, and wellbeing or data that isn't suitable to the way of life, profound quality, and conventional traditions of the Vietnamese individuals. on June 4, 1996. It is additionally difficult to boycott everything that are disallowed in a nation. For moment, a few nations, for example, Germany, have thought about taking measures against the U.S. what's more, different organizations or people that have made or dispersed hostile material on the Internet. In the event that the United States government truly needed to blue pencil the net, there is just a single arrangement - shut down all system connections of different nations. Obviously that would mean no Internet access for the entire nation and that is appall by the entire country. Besides, everybody has their own judgment esteems. The choice of certain individuals can't speak to the entire populace of those utilizing the net. Numerous individuals banter that erotic en tertainment on the net ought to be edited in light of the fact that there are kids on the web. Nonetheless, we can see there are numerous children of explicit magazin...

Time for Camp - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Time for Camp - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Time for Camp I wanted to give everyone a heads-up that this blog will be idle for the next week, as I am headed to summer camp. For the last 15 years, I have been volunteering at Camp Sunshine, which is a camp for children with cancer. I will be heading out on Saturday for a week of sports, fishing, rock wall climbing, pottery, and an amazing amount of other activities with a group of 11 year old boys in Cabin 13! It is a wonderful (but exhausting) week, and I will most likely come back with some words of wisdom that emanated from a campers brain. On a side note, I just reviewed the two web pages I had created on suggestions for writing essays and hints on admissions. A co-worker of mine had reviewed the pages, and noticed 3-4 grammatical errors. It is pretty bad when your words of advice on how to write contain grammar errors! Luckily, I did follow my own advice and had someone review my work for mistakes. This just goes to show you that even the people that review applications are human.

Cardiovascular Diseases And Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Diseases Tiffanie McKee Hiwassee College Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. The high range of cardiovascular deaths is due to the severe effects on the heart. The heart works to pump blood in and out of the heart to the organs that need it. A blockage or narrowing of the blood vessels can cause a heart attack or severe complications to the heart. There are many different types of cardiovascular diseases that can affect a patient s health and can cause complications to dental treatment. It is important during the medical history to be aware of the patient’s health history including cardiovascular diseases and observing potential risk factors. The ASA physical status of each patient is important to identify due to treatment modifications or limitations. Certain special needs of these patients must be identified for further treatment. The two cardiovascular diseases being discussed in this paper are myocardial infarction and hypertensive cardiovascular disease. Myocardial infarction is a term used for a heart attack and can cause special needs to be addressed before the patient comes for an appointment. â€Å"Myocardial infarction (MI), the second manifestation of coronary heart disease, is a reduction of blood flow through one of the coronary arteries, resulting in an infarct† (Darby, Walsh, 2010, 213). This type of cardiovascular disease can lead to death if not treated as a medicalShow MoreRelatedCardiovascular Disease Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesIn todays world, there is a rise in the US population adopting unhealthy lifestyles that lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD).1, 2 Stroke and coronary heart disease are the two leading health conditions and leading cause of death in established countries. However, these two types of cardiovascular disease have identifiable risk factors that can be modified to reduce the risk of developing CVD.3 Additionally, due to an increase in the prevalence of obesity, primary prevention for CVD is catchingRead MoreCardiovascular Disease And Lifestyle :852 Words   |  4 PagesCardiovascular Disease and Lifestyle Part One: There are multiple factors that lead to the development cardiovascular disease. While some individuals are born with conditions that predispose them to strokes or heart disease, a majority of people participate in a combination of risk factors that lead to the development of cardiovascular disease. A few of those risk factors include a lack of physical activity, smoking, and poor diet. The more frequently individuals expose themselves to these riskRead MoreThe Occurrence Of Cardiovascular Disease Essay2112 Words   |  9 PagesOccurrence of Cardiovascular Disease Vital signs are an important measurement for a general assessment of a patient’s overall cardiovascular risk. The use of vitals signs should be regularly incorporated in the practice of physical therapy like other settings of the health care as a pre-screening measure. Vital sign assessment provides invaluable information to determine if the patient’s health is appropriate for physical activity or if the patient needs to be further assessed for cardiovascular healthRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cardiovascular Disease1247 Words   |  5 PagesStates suffer from some form of cardiovascular disease and almost eight million people die each and every year from it(Meyers). This realization is incredibly disheartening. Cardiovascular disease includes conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as those that affect your heart s muscle, valves or rhythm are also considered fo rms of heart disease. The threat of heart disease in America is rising day byRead MoreCardiovascular Diseases : A Health Challenge946 Words   |  4 PagesCardiovascular diseases continues to be a lingering health challenge globally (WHO, 2014) and also in the United States (CDC, 2014). Major efforts are geared towards tackling this health challenge; reducing the disease burden, addressing the underlying factors, as well as the risk factors. Preventing the onset of cardiovascular disease is the best approach and education is the most formidable tool for achieving the best results. For some individuals however, who already have cardiovascular diseasesRead MoreEssay on Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease1536 Words   |  7 PagesNutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease It is imperative as a nurse to develop an understanding that caring for a patient goes beyond the physical care given and it includes a holistic aspect: caring for the body, mind and soul. This holistic approach can be applied when assessing patients’ nutritional status and helping them implement healthy life choices, while living with a disease and possibly the comorbidities caused by the disease. Specifically, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the comorbiditiesRead MoreCardiovascular Disease Is The Number One Killer1696 Words   |  7 PagesCardiovascular disease is the number one killer in the United States, causing about 610,000 deaths yearly (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Cardiovascular disease is defined as a group of disorders damaging the heart and blood vessels, usually involving the blockage of vessels, which in turn harm the heart (WHO, 2015). A 2011 American Heart Association statement predicted that without intervention, 40% of United States adults will have at least one form of Cardiovascular diseaseRead MoreUnderlying Risks for Cardiovascular Disease Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesSince 1960 the age-adjusted mortality rates for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has declined steadily in the U.S. due to multiple factors, but still remains one of the primary causes of morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Greater control of risk factors and improved treatments for cardiovascular disease has significantly contributed to this decline (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). In the U.S. alone it claims approximately 830,000 each year and accounts for 1/6 of all deathsRead MoreCardiovascular Diseases : A Global Health Challenge949 Words   |  4 PagesCardiovascular diseases continue to be a lingering global health challenge (WHO, 2014) as well as in the United States (CDC, 2014). Major efforts are geared towards tackling this health challenge; reducing the disease burden, addressing the underlying factors , as well as the risk factors. Preventing the onset of cardiovascular disease is the best approach and education is the most formidable tool for achieving the best results. For some individuals, however, who already have cardiovascular diseasesRead MoreCardiovascular Disease : A Disease That Affects The Heart And Blood Vessels1910 Words   |  8 PagesCardiovascular disease is a disease that affects the heart and blood vessels which may cause various problems relating to the blood flow to the heart. Many complications arise from cardiovascular disease, which may lead up to other life threatening illnesses such as heart attack or stroke. According to the American Heart Association a heart attack occurs when the blood flow of blood to part of the heart is blocked by a blood clot; if the clot cuts the flow of blood part of the heart muscle begins

The Battle of Britain, 1940 - 1941

Rumors, Lies and Argumentative Essay Topics on Education

Rumors, Lies and Argumentative Essay Topics on Education Exploring an alternate perspective makes it possible for scholars extend their viewpoints. Reading the essay backwards is an exemplary approach to catch such mistakes. In the conclusion, the thesis does not need to be stated directly, but if you compose an essay you need to be certain that the reader remembers the crucial points. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. If you are not sure of how to begin your very own argumentative essay, take a while to read sample arguments online. Professional essay writing service by our finest experts offers only quality, our site gives you a detailed guide to writing different kinds of essays. Order top-notch essay at this time and certified specialists will do their very best to supply you with higher quality at fair price. Most Notic eable Argumentative Essay Topics on Education Nobody would like to leave an article which they are reading with questions unanswered. When you choose a topic, make certain you select a well-defined, controversial matter. If you pick a challenging essay topic for a specific reason, or when you have zero choice and thegiven topic doesn't interest you much, do take the assistance of Professional Advisers. At times, an essay is awarded low a minimal mark when a student employs imprecise concepts, once the argument in favour is nearly like the opposing side and as soon as the student can't refute or discount an objection. Also, it all depends for the method of life and so on the amount of the debut of the person. Therefore, for your convenience, you have a superb chance to monitor the development of the assigned writer and make sure an essay will be ready in a timely way. More to the point, the conclusion of your essay needs to give a feeling of closure. How to Get Started with Argumentative Essay Topics on Education? In the instance of a causal analysis essay, your thesis statement should include the precise causes and effects you're examining and why. Argumentative essay topics on public transport will explain the reason it's better to use public transport or why it's not. Economics is an area of a social science which addresses the distribution and consumption of products and solutions. So, the next time you are requested to compose a reflective essay, you understand that you must voice your opinions, however bizarre they might appear to others. At length, it's important to get a strong conclusion showing that you're certain to have proved your point. The second and third paragraph needs to have a history to the issue, past attempts that were made to reach a solution. The third and fourth paragraph should give the seriousness of the issue and the repercussions if the issue isn't solved. Argumentative Essay Topics on Education at a Glance Writin g process informative essay Being in a position to compose a five-paragraph essay is a significant skill that you'll need so as to secure you through your education here is an easy outline of how to. Otherwise, there's a wide range of exemplification essay topics to pick from. Economic essays are therefore not that hard to write, all you need to do is to decide on a proper topic for essays on economics. Otherwise, your essay might seem unfocused. Discursive essays frequently have transitional wording leading in the next paragraph. Argumentative essays follow an overall format. An effective GRE essay is one which is planned out beforehand. The example essay is among the absolute most basic essays in academic writing, but may be exceedingly difficult if you've never written one or don't know what things to write about. The introduction is key once you compose an essay since it provides the audience a glimpse into the matter, and supplies the writer with a chance to state the thesis of the total essay. The principal body of the essay needs to be separated into three paragraphs. Top Argumentative Essay Topics on Education Choices To be fair, however, you will find that one of the very first things you have to do is become a specialist on the problem. You must be affirmative once you state the argument topic. So, though lots of people want abortion, and others do not want it, it's not a very clear line and nobody has been in a position to locate a decisive definition of when abortion becomes murder and when it ought to be allowed. Some people believe abortion is extremely bad and that it should not be permitted in any respect. You can be positive, you will secure the very best amount of excellent education essay titles report, given that we finally have onlyprofessional writerswith the very good working experience. Typically, reflective essays act as an assessment mechanism, for both, students, and the teachers, and at times even the administration. All things considered, having academic skills alone isn't any panacea for success in the job place. Sturdy researching typically results within far more questions.

Interview with the Manager of the Tata Motors

Question: Give a discussion of the interview with the Manager of the Tata Motors. Answer: Introduction: In any business organization, the role of a manager occupies an integral part. It is the manager who manages the responsibility to supervise the tasks of the employees working in that particular concern, on which depends the growth of the firm. The presence of a manager in an organization is very much indicative of the evolution that firm is undergoing. Discussion: He works as the negotiator and must possess leadership qualities, he must be able to lead the employees of the organization he is working in, the employees should get motivated and inspired through the ways he manages and leads them and therefore the entire organization (Zikmund et al. 2012). It becomes also very vital for him to perform the role of a good communicator, because it is the manager who acts as the medium between the staff of any company and the director of the company. (McFarland, 2015). Discussion of the interview with the Manager of the Tata Motors: Name of the Manager: Guenter Butschek Designation: CEO and Managing Director No. Of people, he manages 60,000 Years of experience as a manager: More than 25 years Source of information: Research for a project Challenges faced: The manger of the organization seemed to be very satisfied with his roles. When I asked him about the challenges which he faces usually faces while managing the staff, he says, a manager's role is to face various new challenges every single day. He says that as a manager of such a large concern, the issue of communication gap with such a huge staff of the company frequently causes a problematic situation. Another challenge, which he has to take regarding the management of the staff, is the recruitment of the staff, and the decisions to be taken for the appointment of the correct personnel in various departments. This requires prudent decision-making abilities on the manager's part, as it is this on which a part of the firm's growth will actually depend (Peters, 2015). As I asked him to share any difficult situation that he faces, he replies, that a more tough or challenging situation can occur if the communication gap between the staff and the manager increases. Because in such case, the policies and strategies of the firm's growth, as well the issues related to the employees could not be conveyed and solved properly. This in turn may lead to a set back to the company's progress. The works, which make him, feel proud: As I asked the manager to share an experience, which makes can make him feel proud, he says, that the work he has done in so many years of working about which he can really feel proud of, is that of his continuous attempts to remain updated about various information. This has helped him often to introduce innovative techniques. In addition, simultaneously he has built a good rapport with the employees, which really helps him to motivate them by different examples, thereby keeping the entire work go smoothly. This coordination ensures the progress of Tata Motors every day (Gallier Leidner, 2014). Problematic situation faced by him: He shares one of his experiences, in which he had himself taken decisions and devised two or more new facilities thinking about the comfort level of the workers. That was for ensuring good working abilities of the employees. However, that was taken in a negative way by the upper staff and the case went against the manager as the senior leadership thought that he is becoming more inclined towards the workforce. Although later on it proved to be a reason for progress (Badaracco, 2013). This answer inspired me largely. Difference in his opinions before and after he became a supervisor: The manager says very confidently that by being a supervisor or the manager of a reputed company, he has developed his viewpoints and abilities far more than what he used to think and feel before he acquired this designation and was just an MBA student. This was his reply when he was asked by me to share the changes, which has come over the years in his journey from a student to a supervisor. The things he enjoy the most and least: I asked him to reveal the things which he likes the most and least, promptly he says, While leading others, as the manager feels, the one thing that fascinates him largely is the daily learning of different facts related to business and life. However, the least interesting thing about him is the situation where the difference in designation needs to be imposed in certain matters, which is very disturbing for him. The best person he met in his working career and his influence over him: As I asked him, whether he remembers any person who really inspired him in his career, he says, that when he commenced his work in sales departments, he once come across a person who happened to be his manager. The quality in that person which attracted him the most was the way he worked in the same way as the other employees did, thereby inspiring and setting forth an example before them. Summarization: This interview very well gave me an idea of how a manager can successfully perform his duties and work according to the expectations of the company. Conclusion: The information, thus gathered becomes immensely important for a person who is aspiring to reach that position. It has revealed to me, how much indispensable is the role of a manager is for a company, devoid of which an organization cannot progress smoothly (Kerzner,2013). References: Badaracco Jr, J. (2013).Defining moments: When managers must choose between right and right. Harvard Business Press. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. McFarland, W. (2015). Creating" Talent-Enabled" Change Leaders.Public Manager,44(1), 37. Peters, R. S. (2015).The Role of the Head (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J., Griffin, M. (2012).Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

Cis Environment Essay Example

Cis Environment Paper The elements of internal control are the same; the computer just hanged the methods by which these elements are implemented. 2. What is meant by general controls in relation to SIS environment? General controls are those control policies and procedures that relate to the overall computer information system. The purpose of general SIS controls is to establish a framework Of overall controls over the SIS activities and to provide a reasonable assurance that the overall objectives of internal control are achieved. These may include: -organization and management controls -application systems development and maintenance controls -computer operation controls -system software controls data entry and program controls 3. Enumerate and describe each of the five (5) general controls in a SIS environment. A. Organizational Controls just as in a manual system, there should be a written plan of the organization, with clear assignment of authority and responsibility. In a SIS environment, the plan of an organization for an entity computer system should include segregation between the user and SIS department, and segregation of duties within the SIS department. B. Systems development and documentation controls software development as well as changes thereof must be approved by the appropriate level of management and the user department. To ensure that computer programs are functioning as designed, the program must be tested and modified, if needed, by the user and SIS environment. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Cis Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cis Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cis Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Access Controls every computer system should have adequate security controls to protect equipment, files and programs. Access to the computer should be limited only to operators and other authorized employees. D. Data recovery controls it provides for the maintenance of back-up files and off-site storage procedures. Computer files should be copied daily to tape or disks and secured off-site. In the event of disruption, reconstruction of files is achieved by updating the most recent back-up with subsequent transaction data. E. Monitoring controls are designed to ensure that SIS controls are working effectively as planned. These include periodic evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness Of the overall SIS operations conducted by persons within or outside the entity. 4. What are the primary responsibilities of the following? A. SIS Director Exercises control over the SIS operation. B. System Analyst Designs new systems, evaluates and improves existing systems, and prepares pacifications for programmers. C. Programmers Guided by specifications of the systems analyst, the programmers writes a program, test and debugs such programs, and prepares the computer operation instruction. . Computer Operator Using the program and detailed operation instructions prepared by the programmer, computer operator operates the computer to process transactions. E. Data Entry Operator Prepares and verifies input data for processing. F. Librarian Maintains custody of systems documentation, programs and files. G. Control Group -Reviews all input reoccurred, monitor computer processing follow-up data processing errors, reviews the reasonableness of output, and distributes output to authorized personnel. . Enumerate and describe each of the three (3) application controls in a SIS environment. A. Controls over Input Input controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance that data submitted for processing are complete, properly authorize and accurately translated into machine readable form b. Controls over processing -? Processing controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance that input data are processed accurately, and that data re not lost, added, excluded, duplicated or improperly changed. C. Control over output Output controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the results of processing are complete, accurate and that these output are distributed only to authorized personnel. 6. Give at least six (6) input controls in relation to SIS environment. A. Key verification b. Field check c. Validity check d. Self-checking digit e. Limit check f. Control totals 7. What is meant by test of control in a SIS environment? Test of control in a SIS environment involves evaluation the clients internal intro policies and procedures to determine if they are functioning as intended. Regardless of the nature of the clients data processing system, auditors must perform tests of controls fifthly intend to rely on the clients internal control. The auditors objectives and scope of the audit do not change in a SIS environment. However, the use of the computer changes the processing and storage of financial information and may affect the organization and procedures employed by the entity to achieve adequate internal control. Accordingly, the methods employed by the auditor in testing he control may also be affected. Testing the reliability of general controls may include observing clients personnel in performing their duties; inspecting program documentation; and observing the security measures in force. In testing application controls, the auditor may either audit around the computer or use Computer-Assisted Techniques. 8. What is meant by auditing around the computer? Auditing around the computer is similar to testing control in manual control structure in that it involves examination of documents and reports to determine the reliability of the system. When using this approach, the auditor Norse the clients data processing procedures, focusing solely on the input documents and the SIS output. Input data are simply reconciled with the output to verify the accuracy of processing. Auditing around the computer is based in the assumption that if the input reconciles with the output, the computer program must have processed the transaction accurately. 9. Distinguish between Test data and Integrated Test Facility (TIFT. Test Data is primarily designed to test the effectiveness of the internal control procedures which are incorporated in the clients computer program. The objective of the test data technique is to determine whether the clients computer programs can correctly handle valid and invalid conditions as they arise while when using integrated test facility, the auditor creates dummy or fictitious employee or other appropriate unit for testing within the entitys computer system. Unlike test data, which is run independent of the clients data, an I TAP integrates the processing of the test data with the actual processing of ordinary transactions without management being aware of the testing process 10. Compare and contrast parallel simulation, test data and integrated est. facility (TIFT).

Advocating The Death Penalty Essays - Capital Punishment, Penology

Advocating The Death Penalty Essays - Capital Punishment, Penology Advocating The Death Penalty Advocating the Death Penalty Thousands of people will attack the death penalty. They will give emotional speeches about the one innocent man or woman who might accidentally get an execution sentence. However, all of these people are forgetting one crucial element. They are forgetting the thousands of victims who die every year by the hands of heartless murderers. There are more murderers out there than people who are wrongly convicted, and that is what we must remember. I, as well as many others, have total confidence in the death penalty. It is a very beneficial component of our justice system. The death penalty saves lives. It saves lives because it stops those who murder from ever murdering again. It also deters potential murderers from ever committing the crime. Unfortunately, the death penalty is currently used so rarely that it isnt nearly as effective as it could be. In order for it to work, we must put it into practice more often. In recent years, crime in America has been on the rise, in particular, violent crime. This has led not only to an overcrowding of prisons in our country, but also to an increase in the number of death sentences handed down by the courts. Despite the fact that the number of inmates on death row is climbing, the number of death sentences actually carried out in any given year lags far behind. People simply arent fearful of the death penalty when it isnt used the way it should be (Stewart 50). If the death penalty has been declared legal, then the federal and state governments must employ it to its fullest as a means of stopping previous murderers from recommitting their crimes. Since most of the prisoners on death row are there for murder, executing them would ensure that they would never kill again. Obsessive murderers, who know no alternative to killing, need to be executed to protect both prison guards and society. This view is perhaps best illustrated through the words of Judge Alfred J. Talley of New York who explained If I as an individual have the right to kill in self defense, why has not the state, which is nothing more than an aggregation of individuals, the same right to defend itself against unjust aggression and unjust attack? (Kaplan 28) About two and a half years ago, my dear cousin, Jaime, became the first victim of a serial killer named Brian Duffy. Jaime, a beautiful twenty-year-old college student at SUNY Binghamton, had been walking back to her dorm after class when she was abducted by Duffy at gunpoint. Wearing a black ski mask and gloves, Jaimes friends were unable to identify him. Having no idea who this man was, they watched in horror as Jaime was grabbed, threatened, and taken away. Jaime was thrown into the front seat of a red Nissan Sentra with no license plates. Later that day, the police located the vehicle, which had been reported stolen, but Jaime and her abductor where nowhere to be found. There was not a single trace of evidence except for the fact that the car was stolen from Jaimes hometown community. Weeks went by and there were still no answers until the day two women, from Syracuse University, were abducted at gunpoint, the same way that Jaime was. The police soon realized that the three kidnappings had significant connections linking them together. These three women had all gone to high school together. Not only did they go to the same high school, they had all dated the same man at one point in time- Brian Duffy. It wasnt long before police tracked him down for questioning. Brian Duffy was arrested in April of 1997 for the rape and murder of my cousin Jaime and the two other young women. They were found buried in his backyard, severely decomposed, beaten, and raped. Each of them had a bullet lodged in their brain. Duffy was sentenced to death two months later. He never stated a motive for what he did, nor did he show remorse. It is now more than two years later and Brian Duffy is still alive and breathing. I am physically sickened when I think about how this killer

Factor influencing the consumers' intention to purchase online the Essay - 2

Factor influencing the consumers' intention to purchase online the retail industry in Thailand perspective - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the methodology may refer to the approach and measures used to gather statistical data, and the calculations used to arrive at the specific results.   Walker in supporting this statement stated that methodologies allow researchers to retain the questions under investigation and may involve numerous methods of collecting data in targeting information from participants towards investigating how different elements relate in understanding the research question.   To meet this goal and accomplish the objective and aims of a research the methodology becomes the backbone of the entire investigation.   All calculations and investigations in a research have to apply the best methodology, such as having the correct data collection method in arriving at the appropriate result of the intention to carry out this research. The conceptual framework in this research can be derived from the literate review and other theories on consumer decision making, the attitude of individuals towards online shopping and the behavior of most consumers in online shops, e-marking configuration and the quality of the website. Consequently, the framework, in this case, aims at establishing the objectives of the research. The research will use a survey, which is a method of systematically collecting data using questionnaires. In this research, it would be easier to use online questionnaires on social sites such as Facebook, in personal emails or even in university emails. Burns noted that a descriptive survey in such a research may be more appropriate where a huge number of respondents will be identified and their frequencies in online shops counted. Such an approach will make it possible to determine the characteristics of consumer beliefs, behaviors and attitudes in such online shops. In this approach, theories used in the literature review will be tested and quantitative methods used to verify such theories. The survey design will also ma ke it possible to have responses from a huge number of consumer respondents at much shorter periods and at much lower costs. Such a method will be effective in determining factors that influence consumers in making a purchase decision.

Nursing Care of People with Substance Related Disorder and Dual Case Study

Nursing Care of People with Substance Related Disorder and Dual Diagnosis - Case Study Example Initially he liked drinking with his friends but over past few years, his drinking has become quite escalated to the extent he is alcohol dependent in order to cope with daily cores. His convulsive consumption of alcohol is very pronounced, since he says that normally he takes a couple of beers in the morning and ends in the evening by consuming two or three bottles of wine and some mixers. Joe also appears to be very depressed and hopeless as he explained that he was feeling very low and regrets about having lost the only things that matters to him. Looking at his medical history, he appears to have lost considerable weight, which he explains by saying that he does not like eating, and he lacks appetite most of times due to nausea. It appears that Joe is in need of nursing care of people with substance related disorder and dual diagnosis. Dual diagnosis refers to the comorbid condition of a person who is suffering from a substance abuse problem and mental illness (Elder, Evans & Niz ette, 2009). High-risk alcohol consumption is not a problem that affects Joe alone, but it is prevalent in Australia, with about 3200 people dying as a result of excessive alcohol consumption and around 81000 people being hospitalized annually (Australian Government, 2011). Moreover, the Australian community incurred approximately $15.3 billion in 2004/05 from alcohol-related social problems (Australian House of Representatives, 2010). Assessment: Biopsychosocial assessment It involves interview or interviews combined with physical and psychological examinations that are aimed at gathering all the information related to physical, psychological, and social issues that may be affecting problems such as addiction, emotional and personality difficulties (Myers & Salt, 2007). Joe, in his late 20s, appeared to have all signs of a late stage alcoholic developing into alcohol withdrawal. He looked sweaty, eyes dilated and his hands were trembling badly. His blood/alcohol level was at that m oment low. His nose and cheeks were red with tiny spider veins and when asked to extend his hands out in front, they were very tremulous. He looked more of a featherweight person with a distended abdomen. He scored high on the CAGE assessment test and did not have other drug substances in his system. Mental health status assessment Mental health assessment helps a healthcare practitioner to get the overall picture of how well a patient feels emotionally and their ability to think, reason, and remember (Fabricius, Langa & Wilson, 2008). He appears to have a memory lapse, as he cannot remember people close to him - he kept confusing their names. His thinking was relatively slow, and the speech was somehow slurred. It was apparent that he had lost control of his drinking and now his drinking has escalated. He was confused and depressed by his situation. The divorce and custody of his child appear to have added hopelessness and misery to his predicament. For most of the time, he was fee ling guilty and worthless for losing interest in things that were important in his life. His sleeping habit is quite troubled since he has to take alcohol in order to sleep. Substance use history Substance use history helps a doctor to assess dual diagnosis patient history of how they have been abusing substances, for what given timeframe and

The Changes of Market Shares for the Local Cars

The Changes of Market Shares for the Local Cars The local car market in Malaysia consists of local car manufacturers and companies that joint-venture with foreign company like Tan Chong and Datsun from Japan. The two main local car manufacturers are Proton and Perodua. Before the financial crisis in Malaysia at 1998, Proton was the leader in the local car market. Proton has the highest sales of cars than other car manufacturers. However, after the financial crisis, Perodua managed to take over the leadership in local car market. The main reason is Perodua has launched many new models as compared to Proton. The after-sales service by car manufacturer like Perodua was much better than Proton. The replacement parts for Proton is very far expensive than Perodua. Perodua also reduces their car prices to attract more buyers. Besides all these changes, the prices for the joint-venture cars are very expensive due to high sales tax and import duty. Currently, the sales tax is coming down for all the cars including local and foreign cars. T he joint-venture cars are expensive in Malaysia because they are considered as foreign cars and the government wants to encourage more local people to buy local cars. The local cars qualities are not par with the foreign cars. The new car buyers will look at the quality first before buying them. Lately, the car industries are very competitive because the foreign joint-ventures provide many new schemes to attract new car buyers. For example, they introduce the low interest financing which provide high loan and low interest rate. They want to attract more middle-income groups to buy their cars. The interest rate for national cars like Proton is higher than the non-national cars like Honda and Nissan. Even though the interest rate for national cars is high, the lower or middle income groups are likely to buy national cars. The main reason is the price for national cars are cheaper than the non-national cars. The EON Bank Bhd hire-purchase officer stated that: the banks revised interest rates for new non-national cars were 3.5% (5 year tenure), 4% (7-year) and 3.85% (9-year) while the rates for national cars now stood at 3.85% (5-year tenure), 4% (7-year) and 4.10% (9-year) (Yvonne Tan Eugene Mahalingam 2010, para. 6,7). For example, a proton car cost about RM 80,000 and the interest rate is 3.85% per annum. The new car buyer has to pay an interest of RM 3080. In contrast, a BMW car worth RM 300,000 and the interest rate is 3.5% per annum. The new car buyer has to pay RM 10,500 for interest. If a car buyer chooses to buy BMW, he or she has to pay an extra of RM 7420 of interest. The interest for both cars differs greatly because the price for both cars is totally different. The market shares among the local car manufacturers are divided when the new models from the joint-venture companies like Toyota and Nissan emerged into local car market. The table above shows the sales and production of passenger cars for the year of 2002 and 2003. For the year of 2002 and 2003, Proton maintained the leadership in the local car market. However, there was a decline in their sales volume from 214,373 units in 2002 to 155420 units in 2003 and their market shares fell from 59.6% to 48.6%. On the other hand, Perodua remained at the second position in the local car market. Peroduas sales volume fell from 114,265 units in 2002 to 111798 units in 2003 but their market shares rose from 31.7% to 35%. The new foreign cars like Toyota, Honda and Nissan have less market share in the local car market. The main reason is foreign cars price is much higher than the local cars like Proton and Perodua. Table 2 shows the analysis-by makes and segment for passenger vehicles. Before 2004, Proton has the largest market share in the local car market but after a few years, Perodua has overtaken Proton as the leader in the car sales. In 2008, Perodua managed to sell 167,392 units as compared to Proton that only sold 141,782 units. The market share for Perodua which is 33.6% is higher than Proton market share, 28.5%. The sales volume for Perodua increases from 166,735 units in 2009 to 188,641 units in 2010. The market share also rises from 34.3% to 34.7%. People like to buy Perodua cars because Perodua has better quality of model like Myvi. On the other hand, Protons sales volume increases from 141,782 units in 2008 to 147,744 units in 2009 and to 156,960 units in 2010. The market share for Proton cars rises from 28.5% in 2008 to 30.4% in 2009 but fell from 30.4% in 2009 to 28.9% in 2010. This drastic change happens because Proton cars are old-fashioned and Proton didnt change the model of the car but only modified them. Peroduas after-sales service is better than Protons after-sales service. It is always cheaper to maintain a Perodua car than a Proton car. The spare parts for Proton cars are expensive as compared to Perodua and the parts are in poor quality. The other foreign car like Honda increased their sales volume and market share in the local market. The sales volume for Toyota fell from 87,416 units in 2008 to 65,744 units in 2009 but increased to 71,065 units in 2010. The market share also fell from 17.6% in 2008 to 13.5% in 2009 and to 13.1% in 2010. Normally, the new car buyers will choose to buy national cars as the cars are cheaper than foreign cars. People cannot afford to buy the foreign cars because foreign cars double the price of national cars like Proton and Perodua. Besides this, the resale value for foreign cars is much higher than the local manufactured cars. Reasons for the Changes to the Local Car Market The two main reasons for the changes to the local car market are sales tax and excise duty and Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA). Sales tax is a single stage tax imposed at the import or manufacturing levels. (Taxation, 2011) All the buyers need to pay sales tax and excise duty for all vehicles whether is local manufactured or foreign assembled. The car buyers need to pay more if they buy foreign cars like Toyota, Honda and Nissan. Raslan Sharif (2011, p.49) noted these taxes are a source of considerable revenue for the Government as about 500,000 vehicles are sold every year in Malaysia. If the foreign car is too expensive, the new car buyers will prefer to buy local cars as they are cheaper and no import duties. For example, the original cost of a Honda car is RM 53,000, however, because of sales tax and excise duty, the Honda car has increased the price to RM 93,000. The new car buyer has to pay an extra of RM 40,000 for a Honda car. The price of a Toyota Vios in Malaysia is about RM 8 3,000 but in Thailand the car only costs for RM 43,000. Sales tax and excise duty can affect the sales of local cars or foreign cars. The Malaysian Insider stated that: Malaysians were currently paying eye-watering excise duties of between 65 to 105 per cent on top of 10 per cent in sales tax. (Lee Wei Lian, 2011) Sales tax and excise duty also decrease the quantity traded for local cars in the local car market. Excise duty is a type of tax that imposed on buyers. Excise duties are levied on selected products manufactured in Malaysia, namely cigarettes, tobacco products, alcoholic beverages, playing cards, mahjong tiles and motor vehicles. (Excise Duty, 2011) Excise duty is an ad valorem tax levied on manufacture, sale, or use of locally produced goods. (Excise duty, Business Dictionary.com) Initially, the diagram above represents the demand and supply for the local cars. D0 is the initial demand for local cars and S0 represents the supply of the local cars. D0 and S0 are intersecting at point e0. The equilibrium price is P0 and the quantity traded for local cars is Q0. The supply of local cars shifts to the left from S0 to S1. The price of the local cars increases from P0 to P1. The quantity traded for local cars also decreases from Q0 to Q1. When the new car buyers know there is an increase in the price for local cars, they will not buy them. Eventually, the demand curve shifts to the left from D0 to D1. The quantity traded for local cars decreases from Q1 to Q2 and the price of the local cars become uncertain. Apart from sales tax and excise duty, the Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA) also contributes to the changes for the local car market. The sales tax and excise duty is coming down because of Asean Free Trade Area(AFTA). AFTA is a collective effort by ASEAN member countries to reduce or eliminate tariffs on intra-ASEAN trade in the goods sector. (Introduction, miti.gov.my) If there is no reduction in sales tax and excise duty, those investors would not want to invest in Malaysia and Malaysias local cars like Proton and Perodua cars cannot sell to other countries. Malaysias excise duty is much higher than other asean countries like Thailand and Indonesia. People would not want to buy Malaysias cars as their own countries cars have better quality and cheap. Conclusion In conclusion, there are a few changes to the local car market. Perodua has taken over the leadership from Proton in the local car market. The sales of the Perodua are better than Proton because Peroduas car is cheap and has better after-sales service. The car industries in Malaysia are competitive as more people are able to buy foreign cars. In my opinion, Malaysians mostly will choose foreign cars if they can afford to buy a foreign car. If they are in the low or middle-level income group, they would probably choose Peroduas car as their first choice. Proton cars have more car problems and in poor quality than Perodua cars. People would buy foreign cars as they would not depreciate much when compared to local cars. The resale value for local cars like Perodua and Proton are low too. Foreign cars are expensive because of the high taxation on foreign cars. I think that the government have high taxation on foreign cars in order to protect Proton. People have lost confidence on Proton cars as the model is lousy and the spare parts are expensive than other local cars like Perodua.

Critique of Geoffrey Canadas Fist Stick Knife Gun Essay -- Fist Stick

Critique of Geoffrey Canada's Fist Stick Knife Gun The Book â€Å"Fist Stick Knife Gun† by Geoffrey Canada is a biographical account of his childhood in the south Bronx. He and his 4 brothers were raised by only their mother. She would survive on no more than ten dollars a week. He moved several times as a child until finally landing on union avenue, the place were many of his life lessons were learned and at times applied. He learned about the ranking process of kids on union Ave. and how the only way to improve your status was to use your fists to fight your way up the chain. Looking back Geoffrey Canada notices the major shift in attitudes concerning the rules of the streets. What once was harmless fist fighting has now turned over to guns. His opinions can be seen in his title â€Å"Fist Stick Knife Gun†. One of the earliest lessons he ever learned was from his mother. She told all four of her boys to never let people think they were afraid and that they were never to become victims. This is shown with each word that Canada uses in his title. The first phase of his life consisted of â€Å"Fist†. He recalls the time when he first moved to Union Ave and he was trapped inside his apartment because he hadn’t established himself in the neighborhood. He would sit up in his 3rd floor apartment and jealously looked on, as all the other kids would play in the streets. One day his older brother John had enough and walked outside to face his fate. The rest of his brothers followed and eventually each got beat up as a pass to the streets. None of them showed their fears or their pain, a lesson that they first learned from their mother. This was only one of many steps/ factors in becoming an established individual not to be reckoned with. Age was the other factor to be considered. Th e older you were, the more respect you got from others. There were the young adults, who were the biggest and badest on the block. They weren’t usually around to defend their turf because they all belonged to a gang, however everyone knew they ruled all. Next were the mid-teen boys who were the â€Å"real rulers of Union Ave (18)† They were the ones who enforced the rules. The lower categories were the early teens and the pre teens. The early teens were just learning the rules whereas the pre teens couldn’t go off of the sidewalk. Geoffrey belonged to the lowest rung, the sidewalk group. As time wen... ...hese rules. They may seem unfair and even ridiculous to us outsiders, but that’s because we have more options of obtaining success than those caught in the belly of the slums. These codes are all that they have and without them, they would have no meaning in their lives, nothing to live up to day in and day out. They give these people a reason to wake up in the morning and a sense of pride that can’t be provided in any other way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Geoffrey Canada gives his readers a rare opportunity to look inside the life of a ghetto kid and what they have to go through just to survive. He also provides answers to the many questions asked of why certain things happen the way they do in the Bronx. He used his childhood experiences and turned them into a unique tool when helping the youth of today. Now that he works as a youth councilor he sees that the problem in the slums has gotten dramatically worse with the emergence of guns. It used to be about pride and status, now any thug with a gun can be feared in the community. This, to Canada is a major problem because guns gives kids a sense of power, a strong feeling that is often abused and results in someone, even an innocent person dead.

Brand Munchy Essay

1.0 Introduction Munchy’s is a brand for various product foods which is includes wafers, roll wafers and biscuit. Today, Munchy’s has produced more than 70 products which are biscuits, wafers and crackers. Captain Munch Cookies, Lexus Sandwich Crackers, Oat Krunch, Muzic & Nuss Wafer Cubes, Sugar & Lite Cream Crackers, Mini Sandwich Biscuits, Munchini, Yosss & Speed Wafer Sticks, Marie Biscuits and Gigabite Wafer Rolls are the best seller among the products of Munchy’s. Munchy’s is successfully in their branding and become number one wafer producer and number two for producing biscuits in Malaysia. Both Munchy Food Industries Sendiri Berhad (MFI) and Munchy World Marketing Sendiri Berhad (MW) are entities of Munchy’s. The main factory of munchy’s is located at Batu Pahat, Malaysia. There have around 60 countries and over 20 000 retailers in Malaysia is selling Munchy’s products. Besides that, 12 distribution and marketing offices is located in Malaysia , Singapore and Thailand. The mission of Munchy’s is to provide joyful, cheeky and reasonable price of biscuits and snacks for everybody. In 2020, Munchy’s wish to achieve 100 countries is distributing their products to accomplish their vision. Munchy’s believe that they can become a well-known brand with continuously development and improvement in their products. They will continue to work hardly for fun snack dream and be recognized as a brand that makes Malaysia proud. 2.0 SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a strategic tool which is used to analyze the internal and external factors for helping to identify the organization’s goals by determining and overcome obstacles that will be faced (Ahmad Reza Ommani, 2011). SWOT can be divided into internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats). Munchy’s always choose the best ingredients to produce delicious biscuit and wafers. Munchy’s believe that highest quality of biscuit and wafer stick is only can be produced with using the best ingredient. Thus, they are considerate all aspect when choosing supplier of ingredient. Besides that,  they also focus on their brand building by hiring an international adviser to create a unique and well-known brand around the world. Since Munchy’s biscuits are produce in Malaysia, it helps in lowering their production costs. Thus, Munchy’s has become Number 1 brand biscuit in Malaysia in 2008. Furthermore, strength of Munchy’s is focusing on product development continuously by designing product packaging and their brand image to attract more customers to support their product. Munchy’s is just emphasize on the packing of their products and how to make their product more creativity and innovative. This becomes weakness of Munchy’s as they don’t have various with their product and flavor. For example, Nestle Company has various products like milo, coffee, milk, yogurt, ice-cream and others. The value of their products in market can be enhanced with this variety of products as customers range is increased. Besides that, there are some products of Munchy’s which are quite sweets. It is not so suitable for people who have diabetes. Next, there will be Munchy’s opportunities. Munchy’s has joint ventures with retailers such as supermarkets. The benefits of consolidation with retailers are going to get better locations for franchisees. Besides that, Munchy’s also responds to social changes by doing innovation and development to produce healthier lifestyle biscuits such as Oat Krunch. Since the price of Munchy’s biscuits is quite reasonable, financial crises would not have impact on biscuit market. Furthermore, Munchy’s has a very good forecast for the future. In addition, Asians love sweets are also an advantageous to Munchy’s in promote their product.

Police Corruption Has Become A Major Problem - 1473 Words

Throughout history, police corruption has become a major problem in the United States. It is defined as a form of police misconduct that involves the act of either a single officer, or a group of officers who abuse their powers to achieve personal or departmental gains. From as early as the nineteenth century, corruption has not only affected law enforcement agencies, but also our continuously changing society. Even though police officers are predominantly seen as honest and professional, the few who are dishonest and corrupt tend to devalue the profession as a whole. Police corruption is a general problem that is seen in both second and third world countries and is usually investigated by internal affairs divisions. Oftentimes it is hard†¦show more content†¦This investigation also led to the establishment of the two main types of corrupt officers known as, the â€Å"meat-eaters† and â€Å"grass-eaters.† (The-Crankshaft Publishing, 2017) As stated by the Knapp Commission, Meat-eaters predominantly abuse their powers for personal gain, while grass-eaters simply accept payoffs or gratuities. Officers typically become grass-eaters to prove their loyalty to the brotherly allegiance, while others are influenced by or even become meat-eaters. (New York Post, 2016/17) It is a police officer’s responsibility, stated in the code of conduct, to serve, protect, and ensure the rights of the people; so it is baffling that some officers engage in these types of corrupt behaviors. Some theories suggest that these behaviors have to do with police discretion. Discretion is not a problem when used correctly, but when it is taken advantage of it can become a major problem. 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Feminism, the Public and the Private Essay - 1471 Words

Feminism, the Public and the Private Conceptualizations of the public and the private have always been central to the politics of second-wave feminism. The slogan, the personal is political, implied that private life was often the site, if not the cause, of womens oppression. In 1974, some of the authors of Woman, Culture and Society (Lamphere and Rosaldo 1974), one of the founding texts of academic feminism, asserted that the universal cause of womens oppression lay in their confinement to the domestic sphere. Since that time, anthropologists have modified and complicated their assertions about the private. 1 Many other scholars have turned to confronting the meaning of the public. Joan Landess anthology represents an important†¦show more content†¦Benhabib rejects both Arendts agonistic republicanism and liberalism in favor of Habermass radically procedural approach, which, she contends, offers a way to contest the rigid distinctions Habermas posed between public and private, justice and the good life, norms and values, and needs and interests. The analysis of Habermas continues in Part II, Gender in the Modern Liberal Public Sphere, which deals with the history of the public sphere from the Enlightenment through the establishment of what Carol Pateman calls in her essay, The Patriarchal Welfare State. In The Public and Private Sphere: A Feminist Reconsideration, Landes criticizes Habermass universalizing and textualizing tendency. Like several other authors in this volume, Landes calls for a conception of the public that includes embodiment, iconicity, theatricality, [End Page 179] unruliness, affectivity, and particularity as well as the Habermasian rational discourse that masks its origin and interests as universality. Lenore Davidoff is less interested in criticizing political theory than in showing how historians and others must look carefully at the ragged edges of the public, the semi-public, and the private spheres to understand how Victorian women and men of a variety of social classes came to define others and themselves in terms of rationality, individuality, the market, and property. 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As An Upper Level High School Mathematics Teacher, My...

As an upper level high school mathematics teacher, my students are assigned to classes based on skill level rather than grade level, but the due to the nature of the material, most students are juniors and seniors. Tasha, the student constantly demanding my attention to ask if she is doing the work correctly, is almost certainly one of these upperclassmen as the rare underclassman who is in an advanced math class generally has more confidence in her abilities if only because placement in such a class implies that the school believes that she is highly capable. While not offensive or intentionally disruptive, Tasha’s behavior does impact the classroom environment negatively. Every minute that she demands my attention is a minute that I†¦show more content†¦As a result, I am forced to spend more time refocusing students and dealing with inappropriate behavior which cuts down on the amount of instructional time in my classroom. While Tasha’s motivation for monopol izing my time is almost certainly not to deprive other students of having their questions answered or to keep me from maintaining order in the classroom, these are the inevitable consequences of her behavior if it continues. By allowing her to continue this pattern, I am also doing her no favors as she is not learning to be a self-directed learner or taking ownership of her own learning and work if I am constantly at her beck and call to confirm that she is doing just fine. Tasha’s behavior appears to be rooted in a lack of confidence in her own abilities, and she is exhibiting some signs of learned helplessness. It is unlikely that any particular incident in my class caused Tasha to be so insecure as low self-confidence and learned helplessness develop over time, but certain situations in class are more likely to trigger her need for confirmation that she is doing her work correctly. 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Civil Society In China

Question: Discuss about the Civil Society In China. Answer: Internet and Civil Society In China Introduction: Usage of internet in the public sphere has created public debate and problem articulation. Internet plays a supervisory role in the Chinese politics. Internet has also helped to shape the social organizations by creating a virtual community for the internet users by expanding the old principles of association by the means of creating a new platform where everyone can participate in the discussion (Chen 2014). Internet has become a dynamic weapon for the civilians to protest against the oppressing society. This article provides an overview of the internet usage and the Civil Society in China. The articles stresses on the importance of internet in the development of a new social phenomenon in China. Discussion: In the recent years much focus has been made on the development of civil society in China. In fact, the struggle has been considered as an emerging form of the reform era (Sullivan 2014). The concept of civil society is to protect the rights of the citizens and also allow them to participate in the political sphere. Chinas drive towards economic reform and modernization of the state has given new opportunities to the Chinese citizens to participate in the reform movements (Yang 2014). The recent development in the internet has been found to open up better scope to the people of China to participate in the civil reform. Further development is bound to shape the technology and the participation of people in the civil society. Internet connectivity was lately made official in China in 1994, but the development pace has been found to be high. There were only 10, 000 internet users in China when internet was made official but the number of computers and internet connections were found to increase to 2.1 million by the end of 1998; and in 2002 it was 59.1 million (Teets 2014). Internet not only helped to connect people with each other, but it also helped in other spheres of regular activities as well. Internet was largely used for the academic purpose that made the use of internet relevant among the learners (Yang 2014). Thus, it can be said that internet has been penetrating in every sphere of life. Online publishing became so popular and the number of websites developed within a short time saw no bounds (Sullivan 2014). Newspapers and magazines were also started to be available online. This was the time when not only the Editors but the readers can also keep their view point on a particular issue. Conclusion: Understanding the change in the civil society of China with the advent internet is not simple. However, this platform has given better opportunities to the citizens to participate in the civil rights and has helped to strengthen the civil society. It can be said that internet is a double edged weapon that might act differently in different societies but for China it has brought a new life to the people struggling for democratic rights and basic human rights to the civilians. References: Chen, W., 2014. Taking stock, moving forward: The internet, social networks and civic engagement in Chinese societies. Sullivan, J., 2014. Chinas Weibo: Is faster different?.New Media Society,16(1), pp.24-37. Teets, J.C., 2014.Civil society under authoritarianism: The China model. Cambridge University Press. Yang, G., 2014. Internet activism the party-state in China.Daedalus,143(2), pp.110-123.

The Caste System Essays - Indian Caste System, Caste, Jti

The Caste System The institution of caste system, one of the basic pillars of the Hindu society can be considered as old as the Hindu society itself. But over the years, the institution has undergone a metamorphic change. However there is a stupendous difference between the caste system prevalent and practiced then and now. The caste system is supposed to have a divine origin and sanction behind it. The caste stratification of the Indian society had its origin in the chaturvarna system. According to the chaturvarna doctrine, the Hindu society was divided into four main varnas namely, the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas and the Sudras. The Varna system which was prevalent during the Vedic period was mainly based on the division of labor and occupation. The Rigveda refers to the 'Supreme Purusha' (lord) as the creator of the four groups. The Brahmins originated from the mouth of the Lord, the Kshatriya from his arms, and the Vaishyas from the thighs and the Sudras from his feet. Each class was allotted specific functions to perform and they were rated in the society according to the task they performed. There is no evidence to show that intermarriages were prohibited in the Vedic age. As a matter of fact, up to 300 BC restrictions as to marriage for Brahmins were not at all as rigid as they became in medieval and modern times. The innumerable castes now found in the country must perhaps be the offshoot of the inter-caste marriages that had taken place. The original scheme of classes (varnas) was natural and was based on the occupation of a person rather than on birth. The system of castes which is prevalent in India today and which lays emphasis on birth and heredity has nothing in common with the four varnas based originally on race, culture, character, and profession. The spirit of exclusiveness and the sense of superiority and pride which differentiated the Aryans from non-Aryans did, however influence the division and subdivisions of people into innumerable jatis based upon difference of occupation, sect, and other causes which are now prevalent in the Indian society. When the spirit of exclusiveness and exaggerated notions of ceremonial purity which were applied to non-Aryans in connection with sacrificial ritual, were expounded systematically and extended to other groups because of the supposed impurity of certain occupations, it gave rise to untouchables, a malady peculiar to the Hindu society. The division which was initially made for the smooth functioning of the society, in due course of time, turned into a rigid and water tight compartment. In the name of caste, the society was thrown into an abysmally dark pit from where there was no respite. When India gained her independence, the caste system was at the zenith of its darkest phase. The leaders of the independent movement realized this and felt that the entire society was at stake and it eroded the credentials of the people. This aspect of the Indian society undermined the very principles of democracy. The framers of the Constitution never aspired for a country that was torn because of internal rift which was purely man made. The newly-born country continued with the democratic ideologies, a legacy which they had inherited from the British. Democracy aims to protect and promote the dignity and fundamental rights of the individuals, instill social justice, and it fosters economic and social development. In a democracy, the people are able to choose their representatives, as they have the right to participate in the political process of the country. In a democratic system, all citizens have the right to be heard. The Indian Constitution is imbibed with democratic ideals like periodic elections, rule of law, fundamental rights, directive principles, etc. The framers of the Constitution provided safeguards in the Constitution, which would treat all people at par with one another. Hence, the Preamble of the Constitution states that the people of India resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Democratic Republic and to secure for all its citizens the following objectives namely liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship, equality of status and opportunity, fraternity, asserting the dignity of the individu al and the unity of the nation. The Preamble of the Constitution states briefly the broad and

Stretegic Managemeny Vodafone Essays

Stretegic Managemeny Vodafone Essays Stretegic Managemeny Vodafone Essay Stretegic Managemeny Vodafone Essay Mobile operators are gaining the first mover advantage that enables them successfully to improve top line and build customer loyalty when they create innovative and differentiated products and services and launch them quicker than other competitors.In a fierce competitive mobile telecommunications market, gaining and maintaining cost and operational efficiency relatively has a great impact on bottom line improvements. These operators can capitalize on IT capabilities to gain and maintain competitive advantages and improve both top line and bottom line to achieve their strategies and objectives. Vodafone Group is the world? s largest mobile operator to provide a total of 333 million subscribers with its products and services globally.The Group has a better understanding of the strategic values of IT as a source of competitive advantages to continuously improve both top line and bottom line in order to achieve its organizational strategies. To improve top line, Vodafone Group has continuously developed and launched new differentiated products and services beyond traditional voice and simple data services to improve customer experience and build customer loyalty while adapting the advanced technologies faster than its competitors, optimizing entire value chains and redefining industry, and focusing on the Group Technology activities.To improve bottom line, Vodafone Group has implemented its strategic initiative, „One Vodafone? program, which transforms 16 operating companies into a united operation to achieve streamlined cost effective and efficient organization. Vodafone Group has embedded IT sharing, outsourcing, and centralization and consolidation strategies in order to achieve the objectives of One Vodafone program. Radio access network are shared with Orange, IT application development and maintenance are outsourced to IBM and EDS, and supply chain management function and data centers are centralized and consolidated.Vodafone Group has developed group-wide strategy that is associated with its better understanding of the importance of the customer experience to its business success. The Group standardized on Siebel CRM platforms globally to gain a 360 degree view of customers, and measure and manage customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, revenue assurance, revenue growth and profitability. Vodafone Group have been committed to helping all employees reach their full potential through ongoing training and development while Vodafone Group has embraced diverse workforce and created a leaner and agile structure with clear accountabilities.Vodafone Group capitalizes on IT capabilities to enable all employees to have access to a Learning Academy to deliver the one-stop shop for all learning and development solutions. IT definitely plays a decisive role in Vodafone Group as a critical enabler to gain and maintain competitive advantages and to perform its business operations more efficiently and effectively. Understanding the values of IT is essential for people in Vodafone Group in order to successfully achieve organizational strategies and objectives. iii I.Introduction The mobile telecommunications industry is one of the fastest growing sectors around the globe. Mobile operators are still able to gain the first mover advantage that enables them successfully to improve top line and build customer loyalty when they create innovative and differentiate d products and services and launch them quicker than other competitors. In a fierce competitive mobile telecommunications market, gaining and maintaining cost and operational efficiency relatively has a great impact on bottom line improvements.These operators can capitalize on IT capabilities to gain and maintain competitive advantages and improve both top line and bottom line in order to achieve their strategies and objectives. Vodafone Group Plc, which was established in 1982, is the world? s largest mobile operator that manages ultra large-scale mobile networks in 25 countries and has a presence through partnerships in another 39 countries. Based on the registered customers of mobile telecommunications ventures in which it had ownership interests at that date, the Group had 333 million customers (Vodafone, 2010).Vodafone Group is one of the most influential companies in mobile telecommunications industry and now attempting to move into the fixed voice and broadband markets. The o perator has a better understanding of the strategic values of information technology (IT) as a source of competitive advantages and has capitalized on IT capabilities to expand its marketplace more globally, and create and launch innovative and differentiated products and services like Vodafone 360 and Cloud Services more rapidly than other mobile operators in order to improve top line.Vodafone Group strategically shares with or outsources some business activities to third partied, and centralize and consolidate other activities, which each group company had previously managed in each country, to Vodafone Group, in order to significantly gain and maintain cost and operational efficiency in order to improve bottom line.IT definitely plays a decisive role in Vodafone Group. The objective of this paper is to analyze the IT management strategies, tools, initiatives and transitional planning in Vodafone Group to ensure that the operator capitalizes on IT capabilities effectively and effi ciently to achieve their organizational strategies and objectives. 1 II.Building a learning organization and a professional intellect Vodafone Group has embraced diverse workforce and offers equal opportunities for all aspects of employment and advancement, regardless of race, nationality, sex, age, marital status, disability, religious or political belief, to understand expectations of its diverse customers around the globe and have required skills and competences to create and launch the innovative and differentiated products and services that Vodafone Group meets its customers? equirements. Vodafone Group created a leaner and agile structure with clear accountabilities in 2009 to accommodate rapid growth. Three regions, including Europe, Africa and Central Europe, and Asia Pacific and Middle East, were created and each regional CEO was appointed. Along with the group-wide organizational restructuring efforts, several centralization initiatives have been accelerated, including sup ply chain, product development, IT and network programs, and terminal procurement.As the result, approximately 1,900 jobs were eliminated but the overall number of employees grew 9% because of rapid growth in emerging markers and business acquisitions. Although organizational structure has been continuously improved in response to market environmental changes, Vodafone Group has been committed to helping all employees reach their full potential through ongoing training and development. In the 2009 financial year, Vodafone provided an aggregate of 230,000 days of training, an average of three days per employee, and this training program was extended to all employees via an online interactive course that has been translated into 11 languages and rolled out to 18 countries (Vodafone, 2009, p. 18). Vodafone Group capitalizes on IT capabilities to support its one-stop shop for all learning and development solutions that enable all employees to have access to a self-service development po rtal and Learning Academy on its intranet to develop required skills and competences.The self-service portal is fully integrated for reporting and analysis purposes. Online „Source a Course? application incorporates a wide range of training options across multiple categories that all employees are able to individually select, and also provides them with opportunities to source a course if their specific training requirements are not on the system. 2 III. Taking advantage of Customer Relationship Management tools Vodafone Group has developed the group-wide strategy that is associated with its better understanding of the importance of the customer experience to its business success.Delivering value-added products and services that can meet individual customer needs and widen the scope of its relationship with its customers are essential to reshape its competitive environment. Vodafone Group has standardized on Siebel CRM platforms across three geographies to collect, analyze and share customer information across multi-channels, including customer service agents, sales and marketing teams, to gain a 360 degree view of customers, and measure and manage customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, revenue assurance, revenue growth and profitability.Employees in Vodafone Group have access to a centralized repository for customer information in the systems. Siebel CRM systems have helped Vodafone Group optimize upselling and cross-selling opportunities to grow revenues more quickly, predictably and profitably, and also significantly reduce the time to create and execute precisely targeted customer retention and acquisition while improving its ability to measure marketing return on investment.The systems also encourage Vodafone Group to improve productivity of customer care organizations by automating previous complicated workflow and reducing the time it takes to respond to answers, and Vodafone Group has gained significant cost savings. The customer experience is assessed by Vodafone Group through customer surveys, repairs and returns, mystery shops and written complaints but its challenges in existing Siebel CRM systems is to completely implement revenue assurance, churn and win-back functions from the viewpoint of a customer-centric imension. Revenue Assurance (RA) is a vital requirement in any telecommunications operators to reduce and prevent revenue leakage that is identified as a uncontrolled costs derived from network provisioning, CDR and mediation errors, billing and interconnect inconsistencies, loss of data and corrupted files, fragmented support systems, incoherent databases, and manual or ill defined business processes (TeleManagement Forum, 2009, p. 5). Donaldson and O?Toole (2007) argued that Telco may be losing 1-30% of revenues owing to leakage, and a failure to take into account the CRM dimension of RA is very costly for the firm (p. 144). RA is typically embraced in the concept of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) but the billing department in Vodafone Group has been responsible for RA activities and a customer-centric dimension to RA is missing in the CRM systems. Churn management is also another vital requirement in any operators in line with each operator? specific customer retention strategies, and promotions and campaigns. The difficulty in implementing churn management is that key performance indicators of predictive churn are little available in a relationship context and as a part of the CRM systems. Finally, win-back is the effort an organization expands to win back (or recapture) customer? s goodwill once it has been lost due to service failure (Donaldson and O? Toole, 2007, p. 146). Vodafone Group has not implemented it from the standpoint of a customer-centric dimension yet. IV. Building competitive advantages 4. 1 Top Line Improvements Vodafone Group has definitely had better understanding of the strategic values of IT to gain and maintain competitive advantages from the viewpoint o f both top line and bottom line improvements. To improve top line, general telecommunication operators consider IT as sources of innovative and differentiated products and services that they create and launch globally in a timely manner.Vodafone Group has not used the cheaper price than other competitors to attract new customers and retain existing customers to become the largest or the second largest mobile operator in the most markets the Group has ever entered but it has focused on creating and launching new value-added services that entice new customers. Arun Sarin, the former CEO of Vodafone Group stated (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2008, p. 340). We have rededicated ourselves to delighting our customers because we believe this is the foundation for our continued success.We recognize that every customer interaction provides another opportunity to win loyalty and that? s why we continue to raise standards on the quality of customer case in our call centers and our stores and th e quality of our networks. Key to delighting our customers is our ability to deliver superior voice and data services according to differing customer needs. The choice of right IT at right time is necessary to drive current and future returns and intellectual capital that articulate and structure all the stakeholders? alues, and Vodafone Group? s three key strategic IT initiatives have been sources of competitive advantages to improve top line. 4. 1. 1 Agility to adapt the advanced technologies Telecommunication operators? agility to adapt the advanced technologies has a great impact on innovative and differentiated products and services, including the converged services of network data, services data and customer data available to improve customer experience in response to the changing customer needs and market environment.Saxtoft (2008) argued that competitive advantages in the future convergent communications industry will be based on the organizational ability of communications service providers to utilize the specific mix of network data, services data and customer data available to each of the players in the market (p. 71). Vodafone? s ability to adapt new IT continuously ensures that their customers are able to stay connected to the people and the information that are central to their lives – via voice, text, instant messaging, e-mail, music, communities, news, and applications both social and work related – whenever, wherever (Read, 2009, p. 2). Vodafone Group thus created Vodafone 360, Vodafone Vorteil, and Cloud Computing services and the Group in turn can greatly improve customer experience, and eventually gain and maintain its competitive advantages. Along with increasing bandwidth demands and a data dominated traffic mix, the ability to optimize its network capacity according to the differentiated products and services has been essential in improving quality of services for these services. 4 Vodafone launched „Vodafone 360? a s uite of new Internet services for the mobile and PC that gather all of customer? s friends, communities, entertainment and personal favorites. Vodafone 360 encompass a universal contacts address book „Vodafone People? that automatically synchronize all contacts from a customer phone, Facebook, Windows Live Messenger, and Google Talk, and an online content and data management tool. Vodafone 360 brought together many existing Vodafone mobile Internet initiatives under a common and intuitive service umbrella.Vodafone 360 represents the new service standard to take everything back in Vodafone and superimpose proprietary ownership over all service aspects while dispelling the notion that mobile operators are unable to response to the full force of the innovation that Apple iPhone brought to market. This is the first time a mobile operator has created an experience which can compete against the iPhone standard of excellence and superior user interface.Vodafone is now attempting to m ove into the fixed voice and broadband markets and has either acquired fixed Internet Service Providers in some countries or formed partnerships in the other countries where acquisitions are not feasible or not cost efficient. The previously pure mobile operator is now following a total communications strategy which includes mobile (cellular), broadband (fixed) and wireless; it has been offering combined services, with fixed, mobile and broadband services under a single bill (Mavrakis and Saddi, 2009, p. 42). Vodafone Germany launched a new multi-service discount service, „Vodafone Vorteil? for customers who purchase a bundle of fixed and mobile services in 2009. The service offered discounts at maximum EUR 20 a month for various combination of service in Germany in response to market environmental changes that loyalty discounts are coming to the fore as a key competitive advantage in the recent economic recession in Germany. Vodafone Vorteil customers also benefit from a 24 h our, door-to-door mobile phone replacement service and free 24-by-7 customer support hotline, and a 25% new handset discount. Cloud Computing has become popular in the telecommunications industry all over the world.It is a large-scale distributed computing paradigm that is driven by economies of scale, in which a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically-scalable, managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customers over the Internet, and has become the hottest technology in IT (Jaatun, 2009, p. 559). Vodafone Group announced a strategic partnership with Decho Corporation to deliver a series of „Could Services? for both enterprise and consumer markets. The first service to emerge across the Vodafone Group footprint is the „Vodafone PC Backup? ervice that enables customers to save personal data from the PC to a remotely hosted site. They are able to view and share the data from their account through the web browser of their PC while reducing the need to transfer the data from one device to others. None of Vodafone? s key Tier 1 competitors has launched free PC backup and online storage aggressively with consumer mobile broadband services and Vodafone Group is relatively staking leadership in consumer Cloud Service provision. Emma (2009) argued that A Vodafone-branded PC backup service promises powerful value-added differentiation for the operator? mobile and fixed broadband portfolio across its key European markers by year-end (p. 1). Vodafone Group can continuously maintain its competitive advantages while launching a series of Cloud Services faster than other competitors, in addition to existing PC backup and online storage services. 5 4. 1. 2 Optimizing entire value chains and redefining industry Optimizing entire value chains beyond Vodafone Group and its traditional suppliers, and redefining industry are identified as sources of competitive advantages to create and launch innovative and diff erentiated products and services.The telecommunications industry is confronted with unprecedented challenges in breaking down traditional industry boundaries and redefining industry in response to changing market environment while the Internet companies such as Google, eBay and Yahoo have demonstrated business models that enable third parties to develop new services by combining existing services to increase the value of the traditional and original services. Service providers are no longer limited to the traditional voice and simple data services but are comprised of content, application, and other service providers.To compete against these new service providers, an effective service delivery framework is essential, to deliver and maintain differentiated services beyond traditional boundaries, achieve time to market, and conclude business agreements among all stakeholders. Vodafone Group started implementing Service Delivery Platform (SDP) in 2002 that is an infrastructure for serv ice delivery to be provided for technically enabling business to engage in business transaction (Filipe and Cordeiro, 2009, p. 21) to effectively deliver „Vodafone Live? ervice in a timely manner. Its multimedia portal was marketed extensively in the traditional media. SDP supported application development consistency and a multi-lateral settlements model to enable all stakeholders to add values to deliver the services to get paid. Vodafone Live used a home-built SDP to launch its offering back in 2002, a product that provides an integrated service across handsets, networks, content and services, and also includes video content, music downloads and games (Greene and Hayes, 2007, p. ). Subsequently, Service Delivery Framework (SDF), indeed different from SDP, was defined by TeleManagement Forum (TM Forum). SDF weaves together various Service Delivery Platforms (SDPs, IMS, IPTV, etc) offered by equipment vendors and their allied software vendors to allow uniform management of se rvices, easy to align with each Service Provider business model (TM Forum, 2008, p. 20). Vodafone was the first mobile operator in the UK to offer a portable laptop with built –in broadband in the business sector in 2005.In 2008, the launch of the Dell mobile laptop with integrated mobile broadband moved portable computing into the consumer market. Vodafone? s strategy differs from the other mobile operators in the UK and the operator ensures that the embedded route meets end users? aspirations in both business and consumer market. Vodafone has a deal with Dell whereby the vendor offers customers buying netbooks and notebooks via its website the option to include a 3G HSPA mobile broadband module in their devices, and to be contacted by Vodafone to receive a SIM card and the mobile broadband service (Roberts, Mavrakis and Jesty, 2009, p. 70). Betavine and the Joint Innovation Lab (JIL) are two API initiatives in Vodafone Group. Betavine is a research and development project t o create values around Vodafone? s network. Subsequently, Vodafone Group started the JIL initiative with its partners to use open APIs and widgets to address the commercial environment. Web 2. 0 technologies were considered as the fundamental enabler to broaden service choice for Vodafone? s customers and Vodafone Group decided to create a service innovation website „Betavine? in 2007.Betavine provided Web 2. 0 tools and resources so that developers can use to create innovative mobile services and get 6 feedback from the Betavine developer community. Its main objective was to stimulate the number of applications available for all mobile phones by providing an operator and technology agnostic development environment, and Betavine has clocked up more than 180 applications developed using the site across a range of categories, including games, utilities, mobile health, and recipes (Mendyk, 2009, p. 29).More than 1,000 registered users are collaborating on software development, an d Betavine has enables Vodafone Group to learn much more from its service incubation platform, both about Web 2. 0 technology and its development models, and about the types of mobile application that people want to create and which applications are essential in the current market environment. Vodafone? s product groups are hoping that through the Betavine initiative, they will gain access to „killer? applications that can be turned into massmarket products (Mendyk, 2009, p. 29).Subsequently, Vodafone Group has made a commitment to provide a group wide network API that encourages developers to access Vodafone? s customers. Vodafone enables developers to use its direct billing capabilities to permit customers to pay for services through Vodafone accounts rather than credit card payment (Mottishaw, 2009, p. 52) because a simple payment model has a great impact on customers? choice of services. In 2008, Vodafone, China Mobile, Softbank and Verizon Wireless announced the JIL initi ative to have common APIs and development environment.Vodafone Group launched the „App Store? that encapsulated widgets from JIL that run in any devices and use the operator? s billing mechanisms to charge users directly. The combined customer base of JIL members exposes applications to a potential 1 billion end users, by far the largest addressable market for any application stores in the market today. JIL is working closely with several industry standards bodies, including GSMA, OMTP and W3C, to encourage developers to use network enablers to enrich their applications.JIL has launched a web site to provide the developers with service development kit (SDK) and device API information to develop applications for specific handsets. 4. 1. 3 Group Technology Vodafone Group? s has driven the Group Technology initiatives that have managed and controlled group-wide projects to orchestrate the move toward significant coordination and identify and disseminate best practices to focus on expansion of service capacity while replicating business models across a number of countries and maintaining cost efficiency.Vodafone Group created two central functions, Group Marketing (to drive revenue growth), and Group Technology and Business Integration (to drive cost and scale benefits, and thy purpose of Group Technology will be to lead the implementation of standardized architecture for business process, information technology and network systems (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2008, p. 345). The initiatives have supported the third generation (3G) network rollout, the enhancement and expansion of Vodafone Live service to Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and then UK, and the development of Vodafone Group? business offering on a global basis. Vodafone Group has benefited from the effective and efficient Group Technology initiative. First, Vodafone Group is given more strategic option for marketing and sales of its products and services. Second , the time-to-market becomes shorter by consolidating its development resources and sharing the solutions. Finally, cost reduction arises from avoiding multiple development 7 resources and environments and from consolidating demand according to the collaborative IT solutions fro building IT platforms.Buchta, Eul and Croonenberg (2009) argued that A correspondingly worldwide uniform IT architecture with worldwide uniform business process is the prerequisite, for example, for developing the advantages of a global customer management from uniform coordination and universal organizations – with the lowest possible level of country-specific individuality (p. 73). 4. 2. Bottom Line Improvements On the other hands, Vodafone Group has capitalized on IT capabilities to implement its strategic initiative, „One Vodafone? rogram, which transforms 16 operating companies into a united operation to achieve streamlined cost effective and efficient group. Vodafone Group has embedded IT sharing, outsourcing, and centralization and consolidation strategies in order to achieve the objectives of the program. Radio access network are shared with the other mobile operator, Orange, IT application development and maintenance are outsourced to IT outsourcing vendors, IBM and EDS, and supply chain management function and European data centers are centralized and consolidated to Vodafone Group.One Vodafone program is analyzed in depth in Chapter V. 8 V. Using IT initiatives to transform the operator 5. 1. One Vodafone The „One Vodafone? program was focused on key initiatives to integrate business activities to leverage economies of scale and scope of Vodafone group to transform the Group into a streamlined, cost-effective and efficient organization while standardizing designs and processes, reducing duplication, centralizing and consolidating certain functions and sharing best practices across operating companies.The program was targeted at achieving ? 2. 5 billion of annual pretax operating free cash flow improvements in Vodafone Group? s controlled mobile business by the end of March 2008. Alan Harper, Group Strategy and New Business Director, explained that all our marketing efforts, branding and product development are centralized, technology is standardized, network design (switching, radio) are coordinated, and knowledge is shared via the HQ, HR, strategy, and marketing departments (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2008, p. 42). The program was not just an integration of a few functions and countries but a strategic transformation that Vodafone Group transformed 16 core independent national operating companies which had diverse people and markets into a united operation with a high degree of similarity with regard to product, brand, position, advertising strategy, personality, packaging, and look and feel (McLoughlin and Aaker, 2010, p. 251) in order to achieve significant economies of scale and scope.It was definitely supposed to be one of th e most difficult challenges for Vodafone Group but the transformation strategy has already resulted in significant cost savings as well as innovative market strategies, more competitive and differentiated pricing, and leading product and service offering (Booz Allen, 2006). Vodafone Group predominantly embedded IT sharing, outsourcing, and centralization and consolidation strategies to achieve the objectives of One Vodafone program that transform multiple operating companies around the globe in Vodafone Group into a streamlined, costeffective and efficient organization.Vodafone Group adopted NetCo and ServCo business model in the One Vodafone program. ServCo is mandated to provide services over the telecommunications network on the same terms as other service providers while NetCo is tasked with managing the telecommunications network backbone (Orbicom, 2007, p. 211). Network, IT application development and maintenance, and supply chain and data centers were considered as NetCo that Vodafone Group needed to pursue scalability globally to achieve the lowest unit cost.Sales, marketing and customer management were relatively considered as ServCo that Vodafone Group needed to achieve customer focus locally to improve customer experience and build customer loyalty. As a consequence, Vodafone identified key imperatives in One Vodafone program. Radio access network are shared with Orange globally, and IT application development and maintenance are outsourced to IBM and EDS, and supply chain management function and European data centers are centralized and consolidated to Vodafone Group.On the other hand, sales, marketing and customer management are relatively operated and managed by each local operating company. 9 5. 2. Network Sharing with Orange There are a number of different levels of network sharing deals and the most fundamental scopes involve the use of common sites and towers around the globe. Complete network sharing deals are also popular in some countries and these involve the building of a single network to lease its capacity between two or more licensed mobile operators.Some of network sharing deals involve radio access network that two or more mobile operators jointly deploy and own access network. In the UK, India and some other countries, network sharing deals have been actively encouraged by the government, and independent infrastructure companies have been established by two or more operators. Vodafone and Orange have established their network joint venture in the UK to deploy and own their combined radio network. Their initial scope was limited to 3G network and Vodafone and Orange planed to expand the scope to their 2G network infrastructure as well.Their objective to establish the network sharing joint venture was to gain cost and operational efficiency to deploy new 3G mobile internet access service. The radio access network includes mast, antenna, sites, site support cabinet and power supply as well as antennae, combiners and transmission links, Nodes B (3G), BTS (2G) and the radio network controllers which are linked to the core network, and they are expected to expand their existing network sharing deals to includes the costs of engineering, maintenance, and technology, in a move which is expected to save Vodafone (and Orange presumably) around US$1. 5 billion a year (Cellular-news, 2009). During fiscal year 2009, Vodafone Group announced a number of significant sharing deals in Germany, Spain, Ireland, UK and India. 5. 3. IT Outsourcing to IBM and EDS Outsourcing refers to the use of external organizations to perform some business activities that were previously accomplished in-house and outsourcing is becoming more acceptable and widespread in the telecommunications industry. Telecommunications operators re-evaluate their core business and create added values in a fierce competitive market.The two different activities are identified as non-core business activities that some mobile operators have mainly transferred to outsourcing vendors: (1) IT services including IT infrastructure, desktop and servers, BSS (Business Support Systems), software development and implementation, and deployment of new IT services, and (2) network operations and management including network planning, site acquisition and civil works, installation, network integration, network optimization and upgrade, fault management, performance management, configuration management, OSS (Operations Supp