Feminism, the Public and the Private Essay - 1471 Words

Feminism, the Public and the Private Conceptualizations of the public and the private have always been central to the politics of second-wave feminism. The slogan, the personal is political, implied that private life was often the site, if not the cause, of womens oppression. In 1974, some of the authors of Woman, Culture and Society (Lamphere and Rosaldo 1974), one of the founding texts of academic feminism, asserted that the universal cause of womens oppression lay in their confinement to the domestic sphere. Since that time, anthropologists have modified and complicated their assertions about the private. 1 Many other scholars have turned to confronting the meaning of the public. Joan Landess anthology represents an important†¦show more content†¦Benhabib rejects both Arendts agonistic republicanism and liberalism in favor of Habermass radically procedural approach, which, she contends, offers a way to contest the rigid distinctions Habermas posed between public and private, justice and the good life, norms and values, and needs and interests. The analysis of Habermas continues in Part II, Gender in the Modern Liberal Public Sphere, which deals with the history of the public sphere from the Enlightenment through the establishment of what Carol Pateman calls in her essay, The Patriarchal Welfare State. In The Public and Private Sphere: A Feminist Reconsideration, Landes criticizes Habermass universalizing and textualizing tendency. Like several other authors in this volume, Landes calls for a conception of the public that includes embodiment, iconicity, theatricality, [End Page 179] unruliness, affectivity, and particularity as well as the Habermasian rational discourse that masks its origin and interests as universality. Lenore Davidoff is less interested in criticizing political theory than in showing how historians and others must look carefully at the ragged edges of the public, the semi-public, and the private spheres to understand how Victorian women and men of a variety of social classes came to define others and themselves in terms of rationality, individuality, the market, and property. Temporal and contested as these boundaries were, however,Show MoreRelatedLiberal Feminism vs. Radical Feminism Essay1490 Words   |  6 PagesLiberal Feminism and Radical Feminism The goal of feminism as both a social movement and political movement is to make women and men equal not only culturally, but socially and legally. Even though there are various types of feminism that focus on different goals and issues, the ultimate end to feminism is abolishing gender inequality that has negative effects on women in our society. The issues and goals that a feminist may have are dependent on the social organization or the type of economicRead MoreThe Public And Private Sphere1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe understanding of the public and private spheres has been part of a number of debates in different areas of academia, particularly in political theory and international relations. 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As An Upper Level High School Mathematics Teacher, My...

As an upper level high school mathematics teacher, my students are assigned to classes based on skill level rather than grade level, but the due to the nature of the material, most students are juniors and seniors. Tasha, the student constantly demanding my attention to ask if she is doing the work correctly, is almost certainly one of these upperclassmen as the rare underclassman who is in an advanced math class generally has more confidence in her abilities if only because placement in such a class implies that the school believes that she is highly capable. While not offensive or intentionally disruptive, Tasha’s behavior does impact the classroom environment negatively. Every minute that she demands my attention is a minute that I†¦show more content†¦As a result, I am forced to spend more time refocusing students and dealing with inappropriate behavior which cuts down on the amount of instructional time in my classroom. While Tasha’s motivation for monopol izing my time is almost certainly not to deprive other students of having their questions answered or to keep me from maintaining order in the classroom, these are the inevitable consequences of her behavior if it continues. By allowing her to continue this pattern, I am also doing her no favors as she is not learning to be a self-directed learner or taking ownership of her own learning and work if I am constantly at her beck and call to confirm that she is doing just fine. Tasha’s behavior appears to be rooted in a lack of confidence in her own abilities, and she is exhibiting some signs of learned helplessness. It is unlikely that any particular incident in my class caused Tasha to be so insecure as low self-confidence and learned helplessness develop over time, but certain situations in class are more likely to trigger her need for confirmation that she is doing her work correctly. She is most likely to demand my attention when I have shifted the class into individual work time as opposed to group instruction or discussion. Tasha’s insecurities become more pronounced when she is left to work on an assignment without step by step guidance from me. If she sees other students getting to work immediately and seeming to breeze through anShow MoreRelatedFinding A New High School Mathematics Teacher870 Words   |  4 PagesI was a high school principal, and I was tasked with finding a new high school mathematics teacher, I would ensure that the new hire met a few important criteria. These criteria include a solid understanding of mathematics, intense passion for the subject, an ability to connect with students, and a deep care for the development of students. These skills and abilities are what I consider to be crucial for the formation and instruction of high school students. 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During my prac, I have taught Yr 7(ME) , Yr7(MC)-one lesson only , Yr 9 (MC) class and Yr10(MC) one lesson .I believe I did not have support or poorRead MoreThe Influence Of Children s Cultural Background Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagesalways asked me how the fabric colors and patterns were good or not. So , I had to express my views. After she finished sewing, she also asked me how nice her products were. She needed my judgments and asked further questions. Is this too big? Will it suit with this person?† Thus, the cultural background had been set from his family and we could imagine that he definitely brought the home’s cultures to his school. Another salient example is that Wat has stayed in a Buddhist temple with a monk, whereRead MoreInterview Paper : Influence Of Children Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagesalways asked me how the fabric colors and patterns were good or not. So, I had to express my views. After she finished sewing, she also asked me how nice her products were. 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Civil Society In China

Question: Discuss about the Civil Society In China. Answer: Internet and Civil Society In China Introduction: Usage of internet in the public sphere has created public debate and problem articulation. Internet plays a supervisory role in the Chinese politics. Internet has also helped to shape the social organizations by creating a virtual community for the internet users by expanding the old principles of association by the means of creating a new platform where everyone can participate in the discussion (Chen 2014). Internet has become a dynamic weapon for the civilians to protest against the oppressing society. This article provides an overview of the internet usage and the Civil Society in China. The articles stresses on the importance of internet in the development of a new social phenomenon in China. Discussion: In the recent years much focus has been made on the development of civil society in China. In fact, the struggle has been considered as an emerging form of the reform era (Sullivan 2014). The concept of civil society is to protect the rights of the citizens and also allow them to participate in the political sphere. Chinas drive towards economic reform and modernization of the state has given new opportunities to the Chinese citizens to participate in the reform movements (Yang 2014). The recent development in the internet has been found to open up better scope to the people of China to participate in the civil reform. Further development is bound to shape the technology and the participation of people in the civil society. Internet connectivity was lately made official in China in 1994, but the development pace has been found to be high. There were only 10, 000 internet users in China when internet was made official but the number of computers and internet connections were found to increase to 2.1 million by the end of 1998; and in 2002 it was 59.1 million (Teets 2014). Internet not only helped to connect people with each other, but it also helped in other spheres of regular activities as well. Internet was largely used for the academic purpose that made the use of internet relevant among the learners (Yang 2014). Thus, it can be said that internet has been penetrating in every sphere of life. Online publishing became so popular and the number of websites developed within a short time saw no bounds (Sullivan 2014). Newspapers and magazines were also started to be available online. This was the time when not only the Editors but the readers can also keep their view point on a particular issue. Conclusion: Understanding the change in the civil society of China with the advent internet is not simple. However, this platform has given better opportunities to the citizens to participate in the civil rights and has helped to strengthen the civil society. It can be said that internet is a double edged weapon that might act differently in different societies but for China it has brought a new life to the people struggling for democratic rights and basic human rights to the civilians. References: Chen, W., 2014. Taking stock, moving forward: The internet, social networks and civic engagement in Chinese societies. Sullivan, J., 2014. Chinas Weibo: Is faster different?.New Media Society,16(1), pp.24-37. Teets, J.C., 2014.Civil society under authoritarianism: The China model. Cambridge University Press. Yang, G., 2014. Internet activism the party-state in China.Daedalus,143(2), pp.110-123.

The Caste System Essays - Indian Caste System, Caste, Jti

The Caste System The institution of caste system, one of the basic pillars of the Hindu society can be considered as old as the Hindu society itself. But over the years, the institution has undergone a metamorphic change. However there is a stupendous difference between the caste system prevalent and practiced then and now. The caste system is supposed to have a divine origin and sanction behind it. The caste stratification of the Indian society had its origin in the chaturvarna system. According to the chaturvarna doctrine, the Hindu society was divided into four main varnas namely, the Brahmins, Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas and the Sudras. The Varna system which was prevalent during the Vedic period was mainly based on the division of labor and occupation. The Rigveda refers to the 'Supreme Purusha' (lord) as the creator of the four groups. The Brahmins originated from the mouth of the Lord, the Kshatriya from his arms, and the Vaishyas from the thighs and the Sudras from his feet. Each class was allotted specific functions to perform and they were rated in the society according to the task they performed. There is no evidence to show that intermarriages were prohibited in the Vedic age. As a matter of fact, up to 300 BC restrictions as to marriage for Brahmins were not at all as rigid as they became in medieval and modern times. The innumerable castes now found in the country must perhaps be the offshoot of the inter-caste marriages that had taken place. The original scheme of classes (varnas) was natural and was based on the occupation of a person rather than on birth. The system of castes which is prevalent in India today and which lays emphasis on birth and heredity has nothing in common with the four varnas based originally on race, culture, character, and profession. The spirit of exclusiveness and the sense of superiority and pride which differentiated the Aryans from non-Aryans did, however influence the division and subdivisions of people into innumerable jatis based upon difference of occupation, sect, and other causes which are now prevalent in the Indian society. When the spirit of exclusiveness and exaggerated notions of ceremonial purity which were applied to non-Aryans in connection with sacrificial ritual, were expounded systematically and extended to other groups because of the supposed impurity of certain occupations, it gave rise to untouchables, a malady peculiar to the Hindu society. The division which was initially made for the smooth functioning of the society, in due course of time, turned into a rigid and water tight compartment. In the name of caste, the society was thrown into an abysmally dark pit from where there was no respite. When India gained her independence, the caste system was at the zenith of its darkest phase. The leaders of the independent movement realized this and felt that the entire society was at stake and it eroded the credentials of the people. This aspect of the Indian society undermined the very principles of democracy. The framers of the Constitution never aspired for a country that was torn because of internal rift which was purely man made. The newly-born country continued with the democratic ideologies, a legacy which they had inherited from the British. Democracy aims to protect and promote the dignity and fundamental rights of the individuals, instill social justice, and it fosters economic and social development. In a democracy, the people are able to choose their representatives, as they have the right to participate in the political process of the country. In a democratic system, all citizens have the right to be heard. The Indian Constitution is imbibed with democratic ideals like periodic elections, rule of law, fundamental rights, directive principles, etc. The framers of the Constitution provided safeguards in the Constitution, which would treat all people at par with one another. Hence, the Preamble of the Constitution states that the people of India resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Democratic Republic and to secure for all its citizens the following objectives namely liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship, equality of status and opportunity, fraternity, asserting the dignity of the individu al and the unity of the nation. The Preamble of the Constitution states briefly the broad and